History of a petroleum industry of the second half XIX
and the XX-th century beginnings as a source for a museum collection
Ìåëèêîâ Ýìèí Íàçèð,
Íàöèîíàëüíûé ìóçåé Àçåðáàéäæàíñêîé
èñòîðèè.
Emin Melikov
The post-graduate student of a
museum of history, Azerbaijan
NAS.
Gathering of materials about a petroleum
industry in a museum creates favorable conditions for their protection and
conservation, and also for their propagation. It is possible to tell, that all
these materials refer to the XIX-XX-th centuries. The information on extent of
demand for oil outflows from these materials. In the sixties XIX centuries with
growth of manufacture of white oil demand for a petroleum industry has
increased. Russia has shown:
during these periods materials about oil are stored in the capacity of a source
in a museum of history of Azerbaijan.
In January, 1890 the Minister of the State Property about the lands, peasants
at the disposal (5; S.80) has asserted, that the plot of the ground share
confiscated from peasants of village Binagadi of a city of Baku is stored in
the Museum (1; inv. N194, 16 17). In the plot new sections for an oil recovery
have been specified. Here delivery of the ground areas to petroindustrialists
is presented. At an oil recovery used a horse. From those times have remained
horse, cow, buffalo skins. One skin could keep more than 25 poods of oil. Along
the edges of a skin metal links were embroidered, links have been connected by
two metal arches. The photo refers to the end of XIX century.
In a well lowered a skin or the bucket which
has been preliminary tied up to a horse, then them lifted upwards. In such a
way oil was extracted from a well. In a museum it is stored two factal buckets
of that period (3; inv. N: et 4347). Undoubtedly in a petroleum industry also
oil was extracted by means of buckets. In the buckets stored in the capacity of
an exhibit in a museum was located about 20 litres of oil. From 70
years of the XX-th century in works on digging of wells for an oil recovery
used mainly shock rod, tower installations for use sludgers, the information on
special branches has been specified. Plot sizes were equal 69 õ 84,3 see In a history museum the plot of a
part of pasteurages of a city of Baku, had on territory Darnaqul and Kishli (1
is stored; inv. N 323 (1754) 3). In the plot the territory in 96 dessiatina (1
dessiatina = 1 0925) is specified.
And the cross-hatched
part in 1780 sq. km has been provided for oil manufacture. This plot has been
made for delivery of territories in rent. About founders of the plot it has not
been given out any information. Sizes of the deed 50 õ 63,3 see. Both plots have been published in printery.
In 70-years 19 centuries inflow of the foreign
capital to Azerbaijan
has begun. In 1874 to Baku
there has arrived Swedish student Nobel. In 1879 in Baku the base of the factory belonging to
brothers Nobel, 3 million having a fixed capital manat has been laid. The
assemblage of materials is stored In a museum about the factory «Brothers
Nobel». The book is stored In a museum «Brothers Nobel to the petroindustrial
factory» (1879-1904) (1; inv. N 290 (1755) 2). In the book it is told about factory
activity, about acquisition of lands, rich with oil deposits, about an oil
recovery. In the table the quantity of the oil extracted by brothers Nobel in
1894-1903 has been specified.
Besides these
collections among museum pieces also are stored silver a tablet, belonging to
the factory «Brothers Nobel» (2; inv.; 713). On a surface of a silver plate
have been represented Robert and Louis Nobel. Among images there is a record of
"the Society of brothers Nobel», devoted to extraction of 1 billion poods
of oil in 1879-1906 ». In the bottom part the schematic card representing
Apsheron and Caspian sea is given out. In the
left part tablets the vessel image «Zoroastr», builted in 1877 in Sweden the
factory «Brothers Nobel» has been given out. This vessel was the first vessel
transporting oil for the first time on Caspian sea.
A tablet has the quadrangular form. Its sizes 7 õ10,2 see In a back part tablets oil wells are presented. At holes the
woman with a burning torch at an altar, to the left of it - the caravan of
camels which is getting out the Baku
tower is represented. In the right part the temple pyrolater
in Surahani has been represented. On both tablets images about a petroleum
industry have been presented. The factory of brothers Nobel, making the big
profit in a petroleum industry, also achieved technics development. In 1878
between the Black city concerning the factory of brothers Nobel the first
pipeline in length 9 km
began to act. The factory of brothers Nobel began to propagandize for the first
time steam-engines for digging of oil wells, at sludging to an oil recovery the
electric power was used. And in Zikh the well with record length 2300 km has been dug
through. Among museum collections the photo of group of workers and employees
is stored in a workshop of the factory of brothers Nobel (1; inv/N 182 (1598)
2). Here principles of daily work of workers have been presented.
In the eighties 19 centuries have been sped up
works on digging of oil wells and creation of new oil wells. The collections
reflecting a petroleum industry of that period are stored in a museum. In a
photo described oil deposits in Surahani in the end of 19 centuries it is
visible, that the number of oil wells day by day increases (1; inv.N 228
(1773) 13).
Brothers Nobel
besides propagation of a way of deep breakthrough of oil-wells have augmented
oil extracting on Ramani fields. All it finds the reflex in 8 materials of a
museum. The number of museum collections includes images of Ramani fields (1;
inv. ¹ 47 (1100) 7).
The Caucasian deputy on September, 9th, 1900 in Sabunchi, Balahani,
Binagadi has signed the order about sale and tenancy of the oil earths. On the
basis of the given order on November, 15th, 1900 these earths should be exposed
at auction. The order of the Caucasian deputy from September, 9th, 1900 is
stored in a museum collection (9; inv. ¹ 210
(1640) 2). In the order the oil earths in Baku
in Balahani, in Bibi-Ejbat, Binagadi and the works held by entity on sale of
the earths rich oil-fields are described. According to SSBN as a result of
breaking down and an arson of oil-fields in 1905 1994 tubular derricks have
been damaged, and an oil recovery has compounded 919,4 thousand poods. After
breaking down of oil-fields in Balahani the number of holes was diminished to
32 %, in Bibi-Ejbat - to 40 %, in Ramani - to 55 %, and in neighborhoods Baku
daily extraction was diminished by 1/3 part - on 2000 million poods. XX-th
century oil-wells are represented in the History Museum
(1; inv. ¹ 88(1757) 11). Also photographs of fires are stored in a museum on
oil derricks (1; inv. ¹ 396(1902) 59). In the beginning of 20 centuries
oil-well flowings and oil-fields have been represented. In 3rd document the
Baku Military Port (6 has been represented; inv. ¹ 88 91757) 9) in 4th document
the Bibi-Ejbat oil-field (1 is represented; inv. ¹ 88(1757) 6), in 5th document
the oil-well flowing in Balahani (1 is represented; inv. ¹ 173(1583) 3), in 6th
document burning oil derricks and burning fountains (1 have been described;
inv. ¹ 88(1757) 8). By means of these documents besides the specification
statement of Baku
of that time we can detect the historical specification statement of a city. Enterprise materials
«Brothers Nobel» are stored in a museum. On January, 1st, 1913 the pay book ¹
673, ejected to Mamedov Gucejnkuli is stored in a museum (1; inv. ¹ 202 (1623)
1). In the book the information on Mamedov Gusejnkuli and on its wages has been
afforded. In a photograph of the beginning of the XX-th century fields in
Balahani, Sabunchi, Ramani (1 have been represented; inv. ¹ 269 (1723) 1). In a
photograph wood tubular derricks and oil barns are visible. These materials
play a special role as the historical document.
Geologic documents
and society oil-fields «Brothers Nobel» and «Caspian sea
- Black sea» are stored in quality of a rare source (1; inv. ¹ 257 (1705) 1-8).
Manuscripts of documents consist of 8 pages. In these documents depth of holes,
features of the oil earths, the specification statement of breakthrough of
holes is pointed. These documents have been prepared by the masters who are
carrying out breakthrough of holes. In a museum collection it is possible to
receive a trustworthy information about works on an oil recovery and increase
of bulk of an oil recovery. The project ¹ 44 about breakthrough of oil-wells is
stored in a collection of a museum
of History (1; inv. ¹ 80 (1757) 6).
Depth, safety and oil
recovery have been described. Under the plan the hole should be breached by the
mechanical ambulance. Under the plan it is possible to learn features of the
oil-wells used in the beginning of the XX-th century. On a photo it is
represented workers. The photograph of working installation causes special
concern (1; Inv. ¹ 47(1107) 2). On a photo it is visible, that the petroleum
industry for short term has reached tremendous successes. In other oilpainting
the worker of the enterprise «Brothers Nobel» Mamedov Tair is represented. In a
photograph of 1912 the worker in working clothes (1 has been represented; inv.
¹ 278 (1733) 1). The photograph resembles a portrait. The certificate ¹ 236,
ejected by S.P.Pravorthovu the Baku department of the petroindustrial
enterprise «Brothers Nobel» is stored on January, 27th, 1917 in a museum (1; inv ¹
174 (1585) 2). In the certificate it has been pointed, that S.P.Pravorthov
since 1911 for 1917 worked as the turner in a machine shop of the enterprise
which have been laied out in the Black
City. Each collection
stored in the Museum of History of Azerbaijan,
is propagandized and advocated as a historical value on the basis of museum
materials, learning of history of a petroleum industry, its propagation as the
basic problem Azerbaijan
history, is the basic requirement of the right. Thus, showing museum materials,
we open new page in learning of history of a petroleum industry.
References
1. Text retrieval
fund of a museum of History of Azerbaijan.
2. New historical
Fund of the Museum of History of Azerbaijan.
3. Ethnographic Fund
of the Museum of History
of Azerbaijan.
4. Numismatical Fund
of the Museum of History
of Azerbaijan.
5. «Pre-revolutionary
history of a petroleum industry of Azerbaijan»
Ismayilov M., Ibragimov M., Baku,
1991.
6. Nuriyeva Z.
«National bourgeoisie in the Azerbaijan
industry» (the end XIX the XX-th century beginning), Baku, 1993.
Ïîñòóïèëà
â ðåäàêöèþ 02.11.2009 ã.